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Violence has long been a feature of American elections

From the Hamilton-Burr duel to disputes over the Lincoln election to the Civil Rights movement, there is a long history of violence in American politics, however much we like to think of them as peaceful.

<p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">Protestors for Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump chant after a rally. </span></p>

The 2016 American presidential campaign has renewed concerns about the specter of violence in American electoral politics. The campaign has been marked by tense – and occasionally violent – altercations between supporters and critics of Republican nominee Donald Trump.

Trump encouraged his supporters to “knock the crap” out of protesters, and even suggested he would pay the legal fees of followers who assaulted his critics.

By refusing to commit to accepting the results of the election, he has confirmed the doubts among his supporters about the integrity of American elections. Thereby, he has increased the risk of possibly violent resistance by hard-core Trumpists.

It would be comforting to conclude that the menace of violence surrounding the 2016 presidential election is unique. But my research on the history of voting rights in the United States suggests that this is far from the case. Indeed, the threat and execution of violence around elections has a long, sad history in American politics.

Somewhat like the 2016 election – which has revolved around issues of race and immigration – efforts by disadvantaged (and often nonwhite) citizens to secure greater political influence have been met with violent repression by those already enjoying power (usually more affluent whites) throughout American history.

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